Athenian audience Essay

Athenian audience with the references made to Athenian hypocrisy and the challenges and questions he raised on some of the moral issues of the time and the questions that he asked in his frivols were sometimes ill received such as the role of women etc. Despite this, Euripides did win the tragedy prize with Hippolytus and is revered as a great playwright in present day drama.From some of the female characters that Euripides develops in his plays, unmatched could assume that Euripides was a misogynist. However, it is wrong to say that all of his female characters are vile and evil Euripides has created some wonderful and interesting female characters as well as the wicked ones. Perhaps The Assembly Women actually had wrong motive for their beat holdIn Alcestis, the title character, the wife of Admetus (the King of Pherae) sacrifices herself for her husbands life. A most noble act and Euripides portrays her character, as the model of what a Greek wife should be completely and ut terly devoted to their husband to the extent of dieing for the man that supports them. The Greek audience and modern alike will like Alcestis, as she is a sweet natured and noble woman. She most certainly would digest won the hearts of the Greek audience. As she is such a noble character and the measure of her almsgiving toward her husband is so great, Euripides had to bring her back. So the heroic Heracles wends his way to Hades kingdom and brings her back.In Electra, again the title role, at the beginning of the play, comes across as a very(prenominal) sorrowful young woman. She has cut her hair out of mourning for her murdered father, Agamemnon. He was murdered by her mother, Clytemnestra, as he had to sacrifice their young lady and then brought home a concubine (Cassandra). When Agamemnon did get home, Clytemnestra had fallen in love with Aegisthus. Therefore, so far in the play, Electra comes across as a woman very much devoted to her father and hates her mother for murder ing him. So far so justified. However, when she happens to meet her brother, Orestes, she convinces him to run through their mother. At this point she comes across as a very wicked conniving young lady. It seems as though she had been waiting for Orestes return to make him do this. When Orestes has doubts over killing Clytemnestra, she bullies him into doing it. She knew the result she treasured to get and she got it.Clytemnestra, if you havent read or seen Aeschylus Agamemnon, comes across as a less conniving woman than her daughter. She comes across as a very powerful and domineering woman. She arrives in the play in a chariot and commands the slaves to help her down. She is very aware of her class and position and will not back down from her decision to murder Agamemnon and regards it as the right thing to do. In this sense we must respect her for sticking by her decision and understand that Agamemnon did kill their daughter and come back with a concubine. In a very slight way, she is justified.Therefore, Euripides has created in Electra a very complicated character. We as the audience or readers assume that she had been planning her revenge on her mother for some time and was just waiting for Orestes return to enact it. Before this point however, we can realise with her loss of a father and the pain that she must be going thorough to have the k presentlyledge that it was her mother who murdered him.Clytemnestra, from this play, comes across a woman who sticks by her decision and who in speech ha the capacity to justify and handle herself well. Euripides has created two complicated female characters and in his portrayal of them has shown no signs of his rumoured misogyny.Euripides creates one of the greatest roles for any actress to play in Hecabe. The title role is not the aforementioned feet of extraordinary characterisation. However, Hecabe as a character is very interesting. The audience comes out-of-door not knowing what to think of her. She begins the play as a woman who has endured such a lot of pain as the former Queen of the now sacked citadel of Troy. She has reached the limit of endurance and collapses in sorrow. She has lost her entire family to a war over one woman, the infamous Helen. At the end of the play, however, she literally snaps from a grief stricken widow to a raving savage. She has Polymestor blinded and enjoys the gruesome description of the event and the sounds. According to legend, Hecabe turns into a dog due to her extremum torment that results into madness. This is what Polymestor tells her at the end of the play when his blind by her decision.The character this section opened with by praising is Polyxena. She is Hecabes daughter and Euripides develops her character beautifully. Odysseus informs Hecabe that her daughter must be sacrificed to the deceased Achilles. Without shedding a tear, Polyxena, heroically goes with Odysseus to accept her fate. As she is taken to the tomb of Peleus (Achilles father ), Greek soldiers hold her and Achilles son gets ready with his brand name to kill or to sacrifice her. She asks not to be held and the soldiers are taken away. She then tears her clothes off to the wait and bravely speaks and awaits the sword to be thrust into her chest.Euripides in this play has created two memorable female characters. The brave and heroic Polyxena and the complicated Hecabe. Again, no sign of any misogyny on Euripides develop here, in fact the opposite in Polyxenas case. Creating a heroic woman is no mean feet in Ancient Greece and her character must have been received well as she is incredibly strong of character and of heart.Another great female character in Euripidean literature is Heracles wife Megara in the play Heracles. The play tells of how Hera (Queen of the gods, married to Zeus, whos father to Heracles) turned Heracles mad and in his madness killed his three sons and his wife Megara. This then lead him to go to the Delphic prophet that told him to be a slave to Eurytheus thus leading to his infamous twelve labours. Anyhow, Megara, at the beginning of the play, thinks that she is a widow and is a vulnerable woman who has to be strong for her three young sons. However, Heracles actually is not dead and comes home to them in Thebes. He is then turned mad by Hera and shoots two of his sons with arrows in his madness. Megara takes the last son and locks herself in room but Heracles breaks in and shoots them both with one arrow.

Child Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation Essay

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the StudyThe Optional Protocol on the Sale of squirtren, shaver Prostitution and Child Pornography to the Convention on the Rights of the Child defines churl whoredom as a commercial knowledgeable exploitation of peasantren whereby a peasant sells his or her body for sexual activities in return for remuneration or every other form of benefit provided to the prostitute or to another somebody ( fall in Nations General Assembly, 2000). According to worldwide estimations by the International Labor Organization, out of the 12.3 whizz one million million million people victim to forced labor, 1.39 million ar victims of commercial sexual exploitation, 40-50% of who be babyren (ILO, 2004). Nowadays, we have an increasing rate of child prostitution that is console considered as the worst form of child labor in Asia. UNICEF estimates that 1 million children ar lured into sex trade in Asia every year. These children ar exploited by local w orkforce and foreign tourists having an average of 5 to 10 clients per day, generating $5 billion per year wherein 40% were sold by p atomic number 18nts and 15% by their relatives (Willis, 2002). lacquer and southwest Korea had been two of many Asian countries that currently face the enigma of child prostitution. Together with its increasing trend, countries bid lacquer and Korea have been continu exclusivelyy making its effort in solving this communication channel with a common aim in reducing and in a long run eliminate commercial sexual exploitation of children to protect their rights, welfare and create a split future for upcoming generations. 1.2 Statement of the Problem This paper is a comparative analysis on child prostitution in Japan and southwestward Korea.This give provide entropy on the causes and forms of child prostitution within these countries and the laws and protocols implemented in both(prenominal) countries to fight against child prostitution. More over, this paper gears to answer some pump questions 1. What are the primary causes of child prostitution in Japan and mho Korea? 2. What are the different forms of child prostitution in Japan and South Korea? 3. What are the laws and protocols signed in solution to fight against child prostitution in Japan and South Korea? Was it able to address the problems regarding child prostitution? 1.3Significance of the Study This discipline will give way for the analysis inthe difference on the condition of child prostitution in Japan and South Korea. In summation to that this would be able to differentiate how Japan and South Korea face this common problem of child prostitution that in turn will lay an overview of the rife obstacle almost all of the countries is facing and battling nowadays.This would lead to the identification of some(prenominal) factors that cave ins child prostitution very prevalent these days that is very important to be able to address these issues to secure ch ildrens rights and welfare. This would identify specific actions and efforts of the government in both countries to solve child prostitution issues in their individual places that would someways extend some concern towards the identification of important factors that is needed to be considered in solving this particular dilemma not only in the analyze places plainly also to other countries as well. This subscribe to aims to lay contingent strategies that must be implemented in other countries to solve this current problem regarding child prostitution. 1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study The researcher aspire to have a comparative analysis of child prostitution in Japan and South Korea as a requirement on Political Science 60- Introduction to Comparative Government and Politics under Prof. Marilou F. Siton-Nanaman and the Department of Political Science, Mindanao State University-Institute of Technology. This paper limits its study within the countries mentioned and this stud y is set to answer the ahead mentioned core questions pertaining to both countries involved. The study underwent a month of data gathering victimization books, newspaper and bona fide internet sources such as e-books. Online sources for data were primarily used.1.5conceptual FrameworkCHILD PROSTITUTIONJAPANSOUTH KOREACAUSESCAUSESFORMSFORMSLAWSLAWSIMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATIONEFFECTSEFFECTSFigure 1 Conceptual Diagram of Child Prostitution in Japan and South KoreaChild prostitution in countries like Japan and South Korea are caused by several major factors that make it more than than prevalent these days. In range to take action with the said dilemma, the identification of the forms of child prostitution is very vital in order to formulate and develop laws that would identify grounds and address cases that violate the rights of the children. Through proper instruction execution of these laws child prostitution are being minify to secure childrens welfare and rights.1.6 Operation al Definition of TermsProstitution- the act or practice of engaging in promiscuous sexual relations peculiarly for money or other benefitsRemuneration- payment or compensation received for services or employment wake upual using- the use of a child for sexual purposes in exchange for cash or in-kind favors mingled with a customer, intermediary or agent and others who profit from the trade in children for these purposesparent, family member, procurer, teacherForced Labor- is any work or services which people are forced to do against their will under the threat of some form punishment.CHAPTER 2REVIEW OF cogitate LITERATUREIn this chapter, related studies and previous works pertaining to child prostitution in countries that discusses relevant major nurture relatedto the comparative study of Japan and South Korea are discussed. The demand for sex drives child sex trafficking globally, while poverty, domestic violence and abuse, discrimination and the desire for a better life make c hildren vulnerable. Children are especially vulnerable to being trafficked because they are often poorly educated, easy to overpower and easy to convince that they must do what an adult tells them to do. Children whitethorn also be in a position where they believe they must help to support their families and may be sold or sent overseas by family members to do so. Street children, children in refugee camps, children whose family and community life has been disrupted and do not have someone to look out for them are all especially vulnerable to human trafficking and prone to sex labor(http//ecpat.net/EI/Publications/Trafficking/Factsheet_South_Korea.pdf) Date Accessed October13, 2011. According to the study conducted by the International Labor Organization through its challenge against Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation of Children Programs in Thailand, Philippines, Colombia , Costa Rica and Nicaragua in 2001 that poverty is one contri howevering factor to the sexual exploitation of children and that is an increasing reality in both Latin America and Asia (ILO_IPEC, 2001). A series of Asian scotch crises in the closing years of the 20th century have had a clear usurpation on the mos of children being exploited both for labor in general and sexual exploitation in particular. Children living or working on the streets, young domestic workers and child workers in sweatshops and transportation sectorall placed in these vulnerable situations as a multi-faceted response to poverty are particularly vulnerable to sexual abuse and exploitation. In many countries including Thailand and Philippines, the movement of children from villages and rural areas to cities in the guise of earning money for the family is a major factor in trafficking and sexual exploitation (Thematic Evaluation on Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation of Children, 2001). ILO-IPEC research report of August 1999 indicated that there was an increase of 20 percent in the subdue of minors working in prostitution in Thailand between January 1998 and January 1999. This coincides with the aftermath of the frugal crises in Thailand (International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour,2001).This report has already touched the importance of trying to developqualitative indicators and impact measures for the specific needs of evaluating trafficking and sex exploitation-related programming. Child prostitution and soot is viewed as an increasing grievous problem in Japan. Shihoko Fujiwara, representative of Polaris Project Japan, a nonprofit organization that provides support to children and women who are victims of sexual abuse and trafficking, stated that child dirty word and child prostitution cases detected in Japan exceeds 5,000 annually, and the number is rising year by year. One of the reasons for the increase, she said, is that a increase number of children have contract involved in the business through the widespread use of the Internet (Shimbun, 2010).In 1998, In terpol estimated that nearly 80% of the worlds Internet-based child pornography websites originated in Japan. Although the Japanese government passed legislation in 1999 that effectively cracked down on child pornography providers, Japan continues to be a major producer and patron of child sex tourism. In a recent press conference to announce the release of the State Departments annual Trafficking in Persons Report which analyzes human trafficking worldwide and documents governments responses to it, Secretary of State Colin Powell and Director John Miller both expressed their particular disappointment with Japan a rural which, despite the immense resources available to it, was failing to take appropriate steps to end child sex tourism and other forms of human exploitation.As one of the largest economies in the world, Director Miller censured, Japans lackluster response is impermissible Japan does not comply with the minimum standards. We believe that there has been a tremendous g ap in Japan that has a huge problem with slavery particularly sex slavery a tremendous gap between the size of the problem and the resources and efforts devoted to addressing the problem (Jordan,2004). The Trafficking in Persons Report of 2010 indicates that the men of South Korea create demand for child sex tourism in their environ countries. Technology such as the internet has helped increase accessibility of child sex tourism in the Re domain of Korea. Some South Korean men arrange for children from the Philippines, Thailand, and China as sources of sex (Trafficking in Persons Report, 2010). Prostitution in South Korea is a inflexiblely controlled illegal industry, just according to The Korea Womens festering Institute, the sex trade in Korea was estimated to amount to 14 trillion Korean won ($13 billion) in 2007, roughly 1.6 percent of the nationsgross domestic product. The number of prostitutes dropped by 18 percent to 269,000 during the same period. The sex trade involved some 94 million transactions in 2007, down from 170 million in 2002. The amount of money traded for prostitution was over 14 trillion won, much less than 24 trillion won in 2002 (Prostitution in South Korea, 2010). In 2003, the Korean Institute of Criminology announced that 260,000 women, or 1 of 25 of young Korean women, may be engaged in the sex industry. However, the Korean Feminist Association alleged that from 514,000 to 1.2 million Korean women participate in the prostitution industry. In addition, a similar report by the Institute illustrious that 20% of men in their 20s pay for sex at l eastward four times a month, with 358,000 visiting prostitutes daily (Stiephensoun, 2010).CHAPTER 3RESEARCH methodologyThis chapter summarizes and explains the methods used in the research which includes its design, setting and treatment of data.3.1 look DesignThe research design used for this study is the descriptive-comparative design. The researcher employed a descriptive pillowcase o f research using books and reliable online sources. This paper also employs a comparative analysis between the two countries being studied.3.2Research SettingThis comparative analysis study focuses in two countries namely Japan and South Korea. Both countries are located in Asia. The two countries have certain distinction in economic placement but both are considered as two of the countries in Asia that has a high rate of child prostitution.Japan is an island country in east Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, Peoples Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, str and so oning from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the atomic number 99 China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The country is of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honsh, Hokkaid, Kysh and Shikoku.Japan has the worlds tenth-largest population, with about 127 million people. South Korea is located on the southern half of the Korean peninsula and lies in a temper ate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. It is neighbor to China to the west, Japan to the east and North Korea to the north. Its capital, Seoul, is the second largest metropolitan city in the world. South Korea has a population of over 48 million, making it the third most densely populate country in the world after Bangladesh and Taiwan.3.3 Data Gathering ProceduresThe method used in data gathering was mainly book searching and online surfing. The data being gathered by the researcher are books with ISBN, books in PDF form with an author and websites form the internet, published on 2000-2011. Research was done from the month of July 2011-August 2012.3.4 give-and-take of DataThe researcher purely gathered data from printed books, pdfs, e-books and online source. This research paper is a comparative study, has a qualitative presentation of data and descriptive persona of analysis.CHAPTER 4FINDINGS AND ANALYSISThis chapter will discuss the condition of child pros titution problem in Japan and South Korea, identify and differentiate the strategies they are using to address and solve this problem. Furthermore, this chapter attempts to stress some analysis on child prostitution of the ahead mentioned countries. The discussions will be classified according to certain topics. 4.1Primary Causes of Child prostitution The principal cause of child prostitution is poverty, however extreme poverty isnt a reason in itself, it operates in function of the lying of other factors such as economic, companionable and ethnic despair, discrimination against women and girls, massive urbanization, disintegration of the family and of traditional community systems, ignorance on the part of the majority of parents, commercialization of the status of individuals and more (How to fight the prostitution of minors, 2001). Japan, known to be one of the most developedcountries is a destination place for trafficking women and children for sexual purposes. Children from L atin America, Eastern atomic number 63 and Southeast Asia, in particular Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand are being transported to Japan to work as sex slaves(http//www.humantrafficking.org/countries/japan) July 29,2011. In the other side, South Korea has also become a source, transit and destination country for women trafficked for sexual purposes from China, the Philippines, Russia and Thailand it also experiences internal trafficking of Korean children. South Korean children are trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation in the United States, Japan, Hong Kong, Guam, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and Western Europe (Lee, 2005). Poverty is being identified as one of the major factors of child prostitution between countries. Japan and South Korea, both being considered as developed countries was more of being receiving regions in terms of child prostitution. Children mainly females mostly from neighboring developing countries such as Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia and e tc. are being brought to Japan to work in different entertainment bars.A very common factor other than poverty that makes child prostitution prevalent nowadays is the presence of internet which is very accessible anywhere and anytime. Thousand of sites catering sexual services from women and children are found to be growing rapidly creating a very harmful dynamic industry that contributes to the turgid problem both countries are facing. 4.2Different Forms of Child prostitution In Japan, matchmaking or geological dating websites have become a well-known channel for commercial sexual exploitation of children in Japan. Many underage Japanese schoolgirls fall prey to enjokosai ( counterbalance dating) by using deaikei websites through which they can make their contact details available, and use pagers, computers and expeditious phones to arrange dates with customers who are older and often married. Research has shown that many such girls do not engage in enjokosai out of poverty, but or else to be able to purchase brand name clothes, bags, shoes, mobile phones, etc., which, according to them, boosts their self-esteem. They often come from dysfunctional families or experience problems at school (Liddy,2006).The form of child prostitution in Japan differs from that found in other East Asian countries since poverty is notonly the overriding factor. Child pornography is a notable problem. Japan is the most biggest producer of pornography in the world and the Parliament had refused a law banning the production of child pornography, citing business reasons (Antaseeda,1998). According to the Asia Pacific Trafficking in Women and Prostitution in Asia in 1996 the sex industry accounts for 1% of the Gross National Product and equals the defense budget in Japan. If matchmaking and big websites are proven to be popular in Japan, in South Korea Saunas and Tea Houses are the main places of child prostitution.Serious intention to solve child prostitution should have banned all the pornographic sites and matchmaking dating sites long time ago. Conducting symposiums to teachers and parents in order to monitor the daily internet content their child or student had been grasping is a must. They could drop those sites with sexually suggestive content. Entertainment bars, saunas and tea houses that cater sex trade should be raided regularly by assigned proper government agencies. The biggest problem is that the business men that run this sex trade around the country are also the people behind the powerful illegal groups within Japan and South Korea. Even regular government police should be active enough to know and act when they notice something illegal going on when they do rounds on places at night. There are many ways to solve child prostitution it just has to entail sincerity in implementation and consistency in acting against the problem.4.3Laws and Protocols to fight Child prostitutionIn Japan, Law Punishing Acts Related to Child Prostitution and Chil d Pornography, and for Protecting Children and its Supplementary Provision, 1999, 90 rewrite in 2004.Articles 4 to 7 punish acts related to child prostitution and child pornography. Trafficking of children for prostitution or pornography is punished under Article 8 with one to ten years imprisonment (Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation in Japan,1999). In 2006, the Internet Association Japan, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication, the National Police dominance and entropy technology (IT) experts collaborated to bill of exchange guidelines on operating a hotline. The Internet Hotline Centre provides the public the opportunity to report illegal or harmful information found on the internet (Internet Association Japan, 2006). Japanese law now prohibits engaging in, facilitating, and/or soliciting the prostitution of a child consistent with international law, a child is defined as a person under 18 years of age.(Law on Punishing Acts related to Child Prostitution an d Child Pornography, and on Protecting Children, 1999). According to the 2003 Deai Kei Site Regulation Law,40 minors are prohibited from accessing deai-kei websites (matchmaking websites that facilitate prostitution of children), however no penalties apply.The adults who send communications for this purpose are fined, up to one million yen (approx. US$8,550). Children are usually referred to a Family Court for counselling and protective measures, according to the provisions of the Juvenile Law. after(prenominal) the Deai Kei Site Regulation Law was enacted, access to the deai-kei websites and obvious calls for compensated dating, especially those do by children, were drastically reduced for a while but more disguised soliciting calls have appeared since (Ikemura,2005). A Cybercrime Task Force division was established in 2004 to improve action against online child pornography and online crime. Working in cooperation with the percentage for Juvenile Protection, the Task Force acts as the contact point for international cooperation, advises the local police on investigations, prepares draft laws/amendments and policies on information technologies security and raises public awareness on the issue (National Police Agency of Japan,2005).In Korea, child protection issues are handled by the National youthfulness Commission, which has set up a number of committees to coordinate action against CSEC( Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children), comprising both government agencies and NGOs. An example is the Committee on Combating the Sexual Exploitation of Children. In South Korea, many NGOs working on childrens rights rely on state funding to operate and their financial dependence on the government has prevented them from engaging in a more critical dialogue regarding the actions that need to be taken. In 2004, The South Korean government passed an anti-prostitution law, prohibition of prostitution in South Korea, made it illegal to buy or sell women. South Korea b rought in a tough anti-prostitution law in 2004, punishing clients with fines and throwing pimps in prison. In 2007, courts prosecuted 35,000 clients, 2.5 times higher(prenominal) than the number of those who were caught buying sex in 2003 (Stiephensoun, 2010).South Korea developed a National Plan of Action onChildren, which is part of the Five-Year Social and Economic suppuration Plan (19982002)12 and the Five-Year Basic Plan forYouth Protection (20022006), which tackles crimes against children, including commercial sexual exploitation(National Youth Commission,2005). In March 2004, the Task Force for the Elimination of Prostitution completed the Sex Trafficking Prevention Plan, which includes measures to protect the rights of victims of forced prostitution and to tackle, through various routes, the facilitation of prostitution (for instance, through the use of the Internet and mobile phones).The Task Force introduced theJohn direct system, where men who have solicited prostitute s (or are suspected of having done so) participate in rehabilitation programmes instead of receiving a criminal sentence (Jeong, Bong-Hyup,2005). The Illegal and Harmful circumscribe Report Centre an independent legal institution that deliberates on reported illegal and harmful Internet content cooperates with the National Police Agency, National Youth Commission, NGOs, Internet service providers and foreign organizations (Internet 119 Website, 2005). The Republic of Korea ratified the Act on Protection of Youth from Sexual Exploitation. This law defines youth exploited obscene materials as forms of pictures, such as film images, video, computer, or other communications media with the appearance of youth, and including sexual acts (The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights,2006)Both countries have succeederfully formulated series of laws and protocols in order to act against rampant child prostitution. Japan and South Korea together with its government and non-governmental offices conducted successful conferences in order to draft laws that would possibly cure the problem on child prostitution. Looking into the deeper perspective, identifying the problem and formulating a plan on how to solve a certain social and economic issue are only the first steps to the real fight against child prostitution. Even a particular country formulated thousands of polices for a social or economic problem, if none of those polices or laws was implemented in an effective way then it would waste the whole effort laid to create those policies.Hence, the success of formulated laws depends not on the number of laws being formulated but on how it is truly and effectively implemented and the effects on those policies in a certaincountry or society. Japan made its serious efforts of trying to eradicate child prostitution by raising public awareness by having symposiums and local and international conferences. Japan shared information and developed practical regional measures through the Bali Process, and hosted The International Symposium on Measures to Prevent the Commercial and Sexual Exploitation of Children in Southeast Asia in 2003 and many more. Japan integrated international cooperation by supporting projects under the United Nations that includes having such interagency collaborations and institutional arrangements with government organizations like the National Police Agency and Ministry of Foreign Affairs in conducting investigations and took administrative measures for them to more effectively trace illegal groups that runs bars and entertainment businesses on child prostitution. Japan also stressed out the protection of child prostitution victims by conducting a specific program which gives them shelter and protection. Government organizations contact hugger-mugger shelter to cater the needs of the victims and the government communicates with the country and return these victims to safe return in their respective areas (P aredes-Maceda,2006).By the end of 2008, the Government of Japan had demonstrate increasing commitment to take effective action against trafficking and child prostitution in Japan as a destination country. A watershed was the espousal in December 2008 of the National Plan of Action against Trafficking and Child prostitution. Other announced measures, including the tightening of visa controls and support for the repatriation of victims, may also lead to more controls against trafficking and child prostitution and to improved protection and rehabilitation of victims in their countries of origin (Jordan,2008). According to the CATW Fact Book, Kyodo News in 1998 trafficking and child prostitution laws exist but not enforced.In South Korea, government and non-government organizations as well went hand in hand in banning as much as potential all the pornographic sites. Even sites with suggestive content were banned. Though as recently as 2001 the government received low marks on the issu e, in recent years the government has made significant strides in its enforcement efforts. Child trafficking was outlawed and penalties for prostitution increased the 2004 Act on the Prevention of the Sex craftiness and Protection of its Victims was passed,toughening penalties for traffickers, ending deportation of victims, and establishing a number of shelters for victims. As of 2005, there were 144 people serving jail time for human trafficking (Scofield, 2004).Japan and Korea broad its efforts in solving child prostitution by collaborating through international organizations like the United Nations, as well as local governmental and nongovernmental agencies, but there had been a great discrepancy in the number of arrested individuals compared to the number of people that truly engages to the sex industry. The number of people that engages to child prostitution in Japan alone from entertainment bars, matchmaking websites to porn sites are counted as more than a hundred thousand employers with illegal child victims yet the number of individuals that are caught every year was only a bittie more than a hundred often times little less than a hundred, that also goes in Korea, there are a lot of people that is involve in child prostitution but the number of imprisoned employers are far little compared to the original number of involve individuals in child prostitution. In addition to that, as mentioned above Japan may have formulated laws and policies but it is rather suggested than imposed.It means whether the citizens follow or not the said law they wouldnt be directly responsible for it, and so, the laws wouldnt serve its ultimate purpose on solving the problem of child prostitution. Based on the gathered data, the two countries differed on the level of how they implement laws. Korea is observed to be more empowered and strict in implementing laws against child prostitution. Meanwhile, Japan also considers a lot of factors in implementing the laws. Japan is known to promote more the idea of growing population in solution to its current trend of decreasing population within years. Hence, as a realization we must take into consideration first wider contributing factors on looking how a country face and manage certain problems. Both countries successfully decreased the rate of child prostitution within years with its respective programs and policies. They have enforced laws and strategies that is designed not only to solve a particular problem but also to consider other related factors. CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS5.1CONCLUSIONSAs shown by the data and information gathered, it shows that the main root of child prostitution in Japan and South Korea is poverty that leads to unavailability of persona discipline for children and the urge to work in order to provide their own families daily income for basic necessities in everyday living. In both countries, Japan and South Korea, children were taken from different countries lik e Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Russia, China and other countries to work on the sex trade industry. Most of them are illegally trafficked from different neighboring countries in order to seek work. The wide use of internet also is a considered as a growing concern in dealing with child prostitution. There are different forms of child prostitution from pornographic sites and matchmaking sites, child pornography, exploitation through saunas, tea houses and entertainment bars. In Japan and South Korea, there are a lot of laws formulated and signed in order to battle against the problem regarding child prostitution. Governments collaborated with international organizations such as the United Nations as well as nongovernmental and governmental local offices to effectively implement the laws created that would solve the problem regarding child prostitution.Japan and South Korea differs on the level on implementation on their policies. In Japan, the formulated laws are more suggested t han imposed while in South Korea they observe stricter rules and limitations entailed with higher penalties and responsibilities. Since South Korea was able to more effectively implement their policies compared to Japan their rate for child prostitution through years is going lower than of Japan. It might not solve immediately the problem regarding child prostitution but both countries had been successful in lowering their rates in child prostitution. Looking into the deeper perspective, efforts to eliminate child prostitution must entail proper implementation and assessment to provide an accurate picture of the situation so that effective policies and programs can be developed and appropriate solutions be enforced. In the other side, eliminating child prostitution may not solve the problem but may also lead to a more big dilemma as children may transfer to other activities that are just as harmful or perhaps more harmful work condition in order to still seek ways for living to be a ble to provide their own families basic necessities. 5.2Recommendations Having known through this study that proper implementation of laws plays a big role for a successof a policy.The researcher would like to open some points for further study regarding with more appropriate laws be formulated in order to protect the interests and welfare of poor children who are always the victim of sex labor and also give way for a better influence and methods in implementing such formulated laws for it to serve its ultimate purpose and since poverty is seen in this study as the primary cause of child prostitution the researcher would like to further suggest of creating or formulating programs in where the children or the youth would be appropriately given the equal chance to be given quality education for them to be informed with their own rights to avoid abuse. They should implement enforcement to continue to improve efforts against child trafficking, especially to strengthen their ability to identify child victims of trafficking in sexual exploitation and ensure investigation and prosecution of traffickers. Provide training to law enforcement, prosecutors and judges on the issue of commercial sexual exploitation. Hence, there would be a need to conduct further researches on child trafficking for sexual purposes to identify the scope of the problem, current trends and provide information on traffickers and at-risk groups or victims this information will strengthen prevention and awareness. In addition, data collected should be disaggregated between children and adults and must include information on the childs age, nationality and possible background information.The Agenda for Action against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children provides a detailed framework and categories of actions to be taken by governments in partnership with gracious society organizations and other relevant actors for combating commercial sexual crimes against children. Broadly, these actions are focused on 1) Coordination and Cooperation 2) Prevention 3) Protection 4) Recovery, Rehabilitation and Reintegration and 5) Child Participation. The Agenda for Action is thus the formal and guiding structure used by governments that have adopted it and committed to work against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (National Womens Education Centre, 2005). Consequently, child prostitution may be reduced if there would be changes in economic development that would raise family incomes and living standards, every state as much as possible must provide widespread, affordable, required and relevant education, formulation and proper implementation of anti- child prostitution laws and most of all the need to change the public attitudetoward children that would elevate the view on the importance of educating the youth and giving also the importance of their individual rights for future generations to come.

First Amendment to the United States constitution Essay

Do video spunkys really take aim to be censored by the United States Government? Over the past several years there has been a controversial court eccentric individual under discussion to censor videogames. This nerve is trying to get the United States Government to prohibit the merchandising of all videogames that may include graphic strength, virtual sex, uncivilized and gory scenes, partial or full nudity, portrayal of criminal behavior or opposite provocative and objectionable material (Mears, parity 1). There argon numerous arguments why videogames should or should not be censored.Videogames should not be censored because parents should show responsibility in raising their children, it is unconstitutional, videogame companies take enough steps to already censor their products already, and censorship would impact the videogame industry tremendously. During the past years there has been the first ever videogame court case called Schwarzenegger v. Entertainment Merchants A ssociation, trying to pass a impartiality against selling or renting untamed games to minors (Scholssman, Para 1).This case has been going on for several years and has recently escalated all the personal manner to the Supreme Court. The first light of November 2, 2010, the United States Supreme Court began hearing oral examination arguments for this case. During the oral arguments both sides gave their reasons of why they thought the bill should be approved or thr make out. During the oral arguments of the Californian Representative Justice Scalia brought up the point that even Grimms Fairy Tales, a series of German household and children fairy tales, are violent and could these be excluded by the law.This brought up instant argument weather or not could this be broadened to just video games or all sources of entertainment that could be considered violent that minors have access to (Attack of the Show, 2010). This case goes all the way back six years to 2004, with the Grand The ft Auto San Andreas Hot deep brown s seatdal where diddleers could download a mod that allowed characters to have sex with each other. This case could result in videogames organism classified in the same way as extreme pornographic material. Another game that is used to support the court case it Postal 2.This game is a horrible example to intend the videogaming industry, because of the fact this it is arguably the most violent and intense videogame. Postal 2 is a first person shooter released in 2003, which brought up an enormous descend of controversy. Mears says, Postal 2 features the adventures of the Postal Dude,must confront everyday tasks. But how he handles these errandswith the power to behead girls, shoot police and urinate on victims (Para 1). ascribable to the amount of graphic violence in the game mash Postal 2 has been banned in several countries.The Californian State Senator Leeland Yee targeted the Entertainment Software Rating dialog box (ESRB) for not putting an adult only rating on the game. Yees comment on the scandal brought back up the controversial topic of censoring certain videogames. Yee introduced a bill that get out criminalize the sale of ultraviolent videogames to minors. This bill will result in videogame retailers to keep adult title games separate from other games on the market. The bill would fine retailers as much as one-thousand dollars per-sale for any game they sold to minors.In 2004 Yees bill was signed by Californian Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger into law and prohibiting selling games containing adult content to any minor. This law was fought in court and ruled unconstitutional (Ishimoto, Attack of the Show). Banning the rights to a consumer to leverage and play precise types of videogames violates the 1st Amendment of the United States Constitution. This court case is quiesce ongoing and the Supreme Court can go either way with their concluding decision. transport Sessler from Attack of the Show says that the opposing argument of this bill is that this is a very broad law.In the California State Governments own words, ultraviolent entertainment is what a considerable piece a content that is has brought up controversy, but in this bill they are very vague of what that constitutes. They have listed killing, maiming, overrefinement of human beings, but does not specify if a game the like Call of Duty or a more violent game like Postal 2 is the problem. To counteract this Yee, says that this bill is not directed towards all violent videogames, but only the interactive ultraviolent types of games.This brought up the point that all games are interactive in some way. As of now Yee does not think his bill will pass in the way it is written because it is not specific enough (Attack of the Show, 2010). aft(prenominal) the oral arguments, almost all of the justices thought this bill was likewise vague and can be broadly applied. They said that it would put too much of a restriction on game pub lishers and writers with their First Amendment Rights. One of the biggest arguments against this case is that it is none of the governments business what children can and cannot watch.From the CATO Institute Adam Thiere says, In a drop out nightclub parents should decide what their children see, hear, or play Uncle Sam should not serve as a surrogate parent (Para 7). Thiere is dictum that parents can and should be able to decide what their children do. Thiere believes that the government already regulates enough in society and that parent should be able to choose what their children can do in their own personal time. Under the Representative Democracy form of government parents should be allowed to set their own limitations on their own children.If the government set how parents raised their own children, it would mirror a communist dictatorship. wholly children should be raised differently under their parents standards. Thiere says, All one-size-fits-all forms of content juri sprudence are unlikely to recognize that different parents have different definitions of what constitutes acceptable for their children. The eye of the beholder makes a difference and in a free society it is the eyes (and ears) of parents that should decide what is in the best interests of their children (Para 7). Parents should be able to mold and bring their child up the way they want.This law would put limitations on what parents can and cannot do with their very own children. Videogames are what children do for fun as a hobby. Videogame censorship is a topic serious enough to require a written law for parents to monitor their children. Even if the bill is passed, parents that do not mind their kids playing these games will just grease ones palms the games for their children anyways. The government does not need to have laws to censor what minors buy and play since videogame producers look out for what happens to the children that play their games.Joe Sapp from the International Game Developers Association says that, The IGDA stands behind informing parents about their media decisions and allowing them, kinda than governmental bodies, to decide for their children (Para 6). The Entertainment Software Rating Board helps parents monitor what their children play. One of the last steps thats taken before a game is released is, Game publishers submit responses to a detailed written ESRB questionnaire (often supplementing such responses with lyric sheets scripts, etc. ), specifying exactly what pertinent content will be in the game. on with the written submission materials, publishers must provide a DVD which captures all pertinent content (Para 1). Both the game producers and the ESRB take these steps to inform the semipublic of the content of their games. After the questionnaire has been submitted, staff members from the ESRB play a version of the game and the game material and DVD are reviewed by at least trey professional game raters. The ESRB says that ga me raters must be adults and typically have experience with children, whether through prior work experience, education or by being parents or caregivers themselves (Para 2).This qualification for being a game rater is so that they generally know what children at different age groups can experience under the plebeian standards in society. After reviewing the DVD, the raters recommend a potential rating. Raters can look at similar games previous ratings. The raters all deliberate until they all reach an agreement. After the agreement an official rating certificate is presented to game producer to be accepted or appealed. The Appeal Board is a group of publishers, retailer, and other professionals. once the game is completely finished it is sent to the ESRB to be reviewed again and to make sure it is given the proper rating (ESRB, Para 3). The possible ratings are other(a) Childhood, Everyone, Everyone 10+, Teen, Mature, Adults Only, and? Rating Pending. The ESRB is responsible for t he enforcement of the ratings. I disagree with videogames being censored because they are unconstitutional. Adam Sessler says, As a gamer you have the right to buy and play violent videogames. They are covered by the First Amendment just like R-Rated movies, controversial books, or obscene music (Attack of the Show).The First Amendment prohibits any law that restricts the mental home of religion, interfere the freedom of press, speech, petition, or assembly. By this law buyers can and should be able to purchase and play videogames as they please. The First Amendment not only protects verbalize speech but symbolic speech as well. The only kind of speech that is not protected by the First Amendment is speech that harms another persons reputation, obscene speech, and speech that violates criminal laws.In the Washington Post, Justice Scalia said, I am concerned with the First Amendment which says Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech, and it was always understood that freedom of speech did not include obscenity. It has never been understood that the freedom of speech did not include portrayals of violence (2010, Para 13, 14). In this situation a videogame is considered speech that is protected by the First Amendment. The rating system, partnerships with retailers and warnings do a good enough job censoring videogames.All of the steps that the ESRB take to rate the games and give ratings should be all that is needed in censoring videogames. Just about every game retailer has a partnership with the ESRB. This partnership controls and regulates which games are sold to specific age groups. All of these partners have a policy of being 18 or older to purchase games that are rated Mature or higher. After purchasing a game that contains adult content, there are warning labels informing the gamer before the game play begins.There are several myths and theories that state violent videogames are linked with aggressive and violent youth. These theories are what brought this whole case up. This science in the case has already been up for debate. Many doctors have said there is not enough sufficient data to prove a direct correlation surrounded by aggressive videogames and making kids aggressive. Adam Thierer says that, While the videogame industry was exploding between 1994 and 2000, juvenile violent crime arrest dropped by 44% and you adult arrests dropped by 24% according to the U.S.Department of Justice Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency PreventionFurther a major study on youth violence by the U. S. Surgeon Generals office in 2001 also confirmed that youth violence has declined significantly nationwide and noted that academic seek had not shown any significant correlation between videogames and youth violence (Para 4). This does not mean that there is no connection between violent children and teenagers with violent videogames because violent people are attracted to violent things.This just means that violent videogame s do not make people violent. If this bill is passed then it will tremendously affect the videogame industry. The International Game Developers Association has criticized Californias bill. Trent Nouveau quoted the IGDA by saying, Limiting forms of expression in video games limits the expression of game creators, which violates their constitutional rights to free speech in the United States abroad as specified by Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights from the United Nations (2010, Para 2).The IGDA is literary argument that singling out videogame from other forms of media is unconstitutional and puts unnecessary limitations on one of the largest industries in our economy (2010, Nouveau). The Video Game Votes Network say government regulation establish on games content will stifle creativity, and will have a chilling effect on game publishers who may feel the need to unfold content due to the threat of government action and fines (2010, Para 2). These regulations wi ll put vast limitations on videogame producers that producers of other forms of media dont face.This case is still going on and under dispute in the Supreme Court. The fact that Entertainment Merchants Association has won all of the cases in the lower courts gives them a huge advantage in the Supreme Court ruling. They are expecting to hear a ruling in late February or early March of 2011, but in June at the latest because that is when this term of the Supreme Court ends. When a ruling is made there will be no warnings and once the ruling is dropped everyone will have to go from there.

Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar Essay

Ramadan is the ninth month of the Muslim calendar the blessed month of fast. It is the month that Allah (swt) (God) revealed the Quran to Prophet Muhammad (saw). It is also maven of the five sacred pillars of Islam which encourage Muslims lead a religious life. The five pillars, including Ramadan atomic number 18 compulsory. The Arabic term for fasting is Sawm. It is a rattling special time for Muslims and its completion is celebrated by the wonderful day of Eid al-Fitr where gifts atomic number 18 exchanged among friends, relatives, families and neighbours. The basic aim of Ramadan is for Muslims to establish control during the month and be break-dance Muslims, also, to remind Muslims of the less favourable among us.The nights leading up to Ramadan are precise exciting for every ane. This is when Muslims anxiously await the news if the new daydream has been sighted by any Muslim in the foundation which signifies the beginning of the Ramadan. Upon hearing the news the Muslims impart immediately email, phone and text message this good news to tidy sum they know. In the Islamic world this is ann troy ounced on the radio or television, or the local town crier (muezzin) will depose everyone from the loudspeakers of the mosque. It is common to find people will gather at each others houses and the mosques will be luxuriant as the news recrudesces, congratulating each other that Allah (swt) has allowed them to witness another Ramadan and to gain its reward.Fasting is compulsory at a time a child reaches puberty. Those who are ill or on a journey are excused, as are women during their monthly period or if they are pregnant or nursing because they are very weak and need the food and energy much than most missed days are make up for later in the year when one is more able. Muslims fast from daybreak to sunset. For example in Luton in late October this will be from 6.00am to around 545pm. Thats nearly 12 hours. This instruction no eating or drinki ng during these hours.Although each nation will lose its own way of going round fasting during Ramadan, it is common that a light meal is eaten at dusk to break the fast (Iftar), followed by a slightly heavier meal, and finally a light breakfast just ahead come home (Suhur). At Suhur, I will have a large bowl of breakfast cereal, a glass of orange juice or water (as one can get very hungry(p) during the day) and perhaps a few slices of toast in order to prepare myself for the long day ahead.When Iftar arrives I would start with a supplication to Allah (swt) (Dua) then eat a date and drink some milk or water. I would then perform my evening prayers before sitting with my family and have my dinner subsequently which I will attend the local mosque for some evening prayers. Every night in Ramadan there are special, extra prayers called Salatul Taraweeh. These are performed in congregation at the mosque or at home. This schedule is taken from the example of our Prophet, Muhammad (saw).A typical day of fasting during Ramadan at about Christmas time in the UK is summarised at a lower prat0530am Suhur (light breakfast)0600am Fajr Salah (morning prayer)Quran recitation0130pm Dhuhr Salah (midday prayer)0245pm Asr Salah (afternoon prayer)0550pm Iftar (break of fast) and Maghrib Salah (evening prayer)Dinner0800pm Isha Salah (night prayer) and Taraweeh (extra prayers)Supper and an early night unwrap TWO (500 voice communication)Fasting in Ramadan is the fourth pillar of Islam, an act of worship of great importance. During this month Muslims should be more spiritual, more caring and considerate they should control their temper and refrain from using bad language. This is to function them become a better Muslim. One can find that during this month people become more patient, polite to others as swell up as extremely generous with the wealthiness that they possess. A poor Muslim who donates his last penny will get as much reward as the wealthy man of affairs who donates thousands. This is called Zakat where 2.5% of the annual family income is donated to the poor. This is compulsory because the money that we have today is not actually ours it is a loan from Allah and a blessing, which we should repay to him through the poor.Ramadan is a sacred month wherein Allah (swt) is constantly testing people and giving people the opportunity to achieve huge rewards for the hereafter. It is a time of purification, reflection, enjoining what is right, forbidding what is wrong, and striving hard with ones life and wealth. It is a time for charity, to hallow to those less fortunate then yourselves and its a time when most people pay their annual alms to the poor (above). It was in the month of Ramadan that many of the battles took place such as the famous Islamic battles took place such as the Battle of Badr. Amongst what Muslims should abstain from are smoking, and sexual intercourse. People should focus on Allah and religion as opposed to other things. What the prayers seek to service five times a day, fasting in the month of Ramadan does once a year. During this period from dawn to dusk we eat not a grain of food nor drink a drop of water, no matter how delicious the dish or how thirsty we feel. This month helps us strengthen our faith. Discipline during this month bring us face to face with the realities of life and help us make our life, during the rest of the year, a life of true subservience to Allah (swt).From another point of view fasting has an immense impact on our communities, for all the Muslims irrespective of their status must observe fast during the same month. This brings to prominence the essential comparability of people and thus goes a long way towards creating in them sentiments of love and brotherhood. The unity that is created covers the whole major planet where Muslims reside whether in Indonesia or Denmark. Each Muslim connects with his brother. This is called the Ummah (community)During Ramadan goodness c omes to the forefront and the whole atmosphere is make full with piety and purity. It is narrated that Prophet Muhammad (saw) said, When the month of Ramadan begins, the gates of Paradise are opened and the gates of Hell are closed and the devils are chained. Thus, the month of Ramadan is a special month unlike others. As an act of benignity by Allah (swt), the blessings that one can attain during this Holy Month have been cast upd many fold. some other point of significance is that the Quran was revealed during one of the last ten odd numbered nights of this blessed month. That night is known as Lailatul Qadr or the Night of Power. It is during this night that Allah (swt) has promised us great reward for our time spent in prayer and worship.Clearly there is a lesson in this for people. Ramadan indeed is a great incentive for all Muslims to increase their paragon consciousness (Taqwa) and to strengthen their faith. However, this effort should not be limited to the month of Ramad an but should cover for the rest of our lives.PART THREE (500 words)First and foremost fasting is an act of worship and Allah (swt) does not give a reason as why we fast in the Quran. However, we can observe the reality of fasting during the month of Ramadan and can conclude that many benefits are created for the one who fasts.I agree with part of the line of reasoning that fasting indeed has many advantages. As for these benefits, when one is in the state of fasting during the month of Ramadan he is constantly thinking of those things which please his creator, Allah (swt). That is to say he is in a constant state of god consciousness or what is referred to in the Arabic language as Taqwa. During this time he becomes a better psyche, he does not lie or cheat, he does not involve himself in arguments or crap calling as one would find in the school playground.He is continuously contemplating and reflecting on the words of Allah (swt) which he would read in the Quran or he would he ar at the local mosque. As a result one becomes a lot more patient, extremely disciplined and a lot more productive to himself and his environment. During this month the community spirit is ignited and the mosques are full. The economy is boosted as it is recommended to spend the wealth Allah (swt) has provided you within this month as much as possible to gain the rewards for the hereafter. Community Iftars are hosted in community centres within the local community creating an atmosphere of brotherhood and closeness as well as money sent off to the poor and destitute so they may also eff the blessings of this month.As for the disadvantages, I believe the benefits far outweigh the harms of fasting. A few points to I would like to arouse however are is that when early on during the month when one is fasting during a long day, one tends to become very tired towards the end of the day due to the fact that normal regular meals have been missed, however as the month progresses the body adapts very quickly to this new regime softening these hardships. In addition, during the day, especially during the summer when the days are long and the heat is intense the lack of water custom can make one extremely thirsty and somewhat dehydrated which can lead to a stale breath.However, the remedy to this is the saying of the Prophet who said The smell of the mouth of a fasting person is to sweeter to Allah (swt) than the smell of musk. Another potential problem is tendency to eat too much in the evenings and at the end of the month to pile on a few unwanted pounds. This is easily resolved by making sure you eat moderately and exercise to burn off excess calories. Also, there is the ounce of temptation present brough to us by Shaytan (Devil) and this makes it hard for us. Finally, one sad thing about Ramadan is that it only comes round once a year and lasts for around thirty days. If only we could have long-dated as there are not enough hours in the day.NOTE(saw) peace be up on him(swt) valuate be to Him, The AlmightyBibliographyI obtained all the information for this essay from my own knowledge

Diffrenece Between Hypothesis and Theory

TOK essay Difference among scientific honor, theory and possible action 551 words In the world were living in nowadays people, groups or even some nations separately has a different way of thinking. Thats wherefore opinions were created and people could have different prospectives and different ideas were certain all over the past centuries. That variation of ideas, prospective and ways of thinking had lead into the creation for methods for proving something as an idea an experiment a suggestion, and others.This essay would be discussing those ways and their differences. Firstly, the first thing that leads into an opinion or way of seeing something is setting up your venture, hypothesis is an educated guess based upon observation for a certain matter. It is an explanation of a single event or something based on what is observed non deeply observed but just observed, and it also has not been proved yet. Most hypotheses can be supported or disproved by experiment or a deep obse rvation.Some examples of hypothesis are, when an apple is throw off in the wind and sun it will rot, this is a simple example its based on whats observed as when an apple is put in the sun it would rot but no further scientific explanation is given. After a hypothesis is set based on actually weak and shallow observations it must be tested for that opinion or idea to be square(a) it must be tested and observed scientifically and not only once it must be tried and observed a number of times, that what develops a theory and obeys scientific faithfulnesss, a scientific law is a statement of fact that explains a certain matter or different action or habits.It is generally accepted to be true and universal and can be proved and tested wide and sometimes they could be written as mathematical equations. Scientific laws must be simple, true and universal. sack back to a theory it is noted as more like a scientific law than a hypothesis. It is an explanation and prove for your hypothesi s and sets of related observations or events based upon proven hypotheses and verified triune times. A theory could hold on a definition as it is the way people could recognise this certain idea or issue is true by repeated xperiments whom tern a hypothesis into a theory or it just keeps it a hypothesis untested. Some examples of scientific laws are some natural philosophy and maths rules as Newtons laws of motion, law of solemness, the laws of thermodynamics and other physics laws whom are proved and tested thats why they turn into a scientific law. Sometimes some laws can turn to theories as the law of gravity and gravitational forces, as it could go more general to be turned into a theory.The biggest difference between a law and a theory is that a theory is much more complex and dynamic. A law runs a single action, whereas a theory explains an entire group of related matters and phenomenas. Thats what differs an experimented hypothesis whether it turns into a theory or it is more specified so it turns to be a law, an example of a theory is automobiles Components of it can be changed or improved upon and more things invented in it, without changing the overall justness of the theory as a whole that it is an automobile.

Bright Light Innovations: the Starlight Stove

Opportunity analysis and critical exposes hidden in this character As the increasing pace of globalization, more and more companies seek opportunities to involve in the world(prenominal) trade. Expanding the grocery store share and increase the cabbage is the pattern of those companies. However, it is unlike the education. Most universities especially public universities are non-profit organization. Their purpose is not to earn enough money on the contrary, the purpose of universities is to provide training and knowledge for students in order to benefit the society.In return, students pay appropriate fees and government provide monetary support to the university so that university buns gain the ability to do the research and develop its hardware and software. In this way, university domiciliate have a sustainable development. So university buttocks benefit from seeking opportunities in international expansion. First, students from different countries and cultural backgroun d signal rear share their experience. It is a good chance for students and universities to participate in international market.Secondly, international universities give notice share resource with topical anesthetic universities. On the one hand, it can help develop the universities from developing countries on the new(prenominal) hand, international universities can also gain advanced experience they are lack of. Thirdly, international universities can maximize their influence by cooperating with topical anaesthetic government or near research institutions. In this case, dazzling turn on Innovations aims to opening its market in Nepal. In order to explore this market, the participation considers a series of criteria.The first one is the total population and population growth. This factor established the fanny of ingestion index finger. Jianfa Shen points step up that the population is one of the factors to affect the market demand (Jianfa Shen, 1998). The more pot po pulate in the country, the larger potential market exists. The second one is the natural climate. Climate alter determines the consumers consumption behavior to some extent (Seljom, 2011). Considering that the temperature of Nepal is very number one, the Bright joyous Innovation provides range of a function to local batch who are in the need of warm.The third one is the living habit of local population. According to Jaime Alonso-Carreras study, individual preferences are subject to both habit formation and consumption spillovers (Jaime Alonso-Carrera, 2004). The case shows that most people in Nepal uses firewood as the main source of the energy. Due to this reason, the products of cooking stoves meet the inevitably of local people. Whats more, the participation also considers political policy. Whether the local government support or against the kind of products is the factor to affect the entering in the international market.The fourth hidden critical issue in this case is the infrastructure in Nepal. Well infrastructure contributes to the potential growth of the telephoner (Weiland, Scott J. 2012). If the partnership needs to batch up a factory in the local place, infrastructure including electric, water, traffic and others should be considered. Finally, income determines the purchasing power in the local market. More income means more potential consumption to some extent. Alternatives and product lunch in foreign marketThe reason why Bright Light selects Nepal as its cross market is that the market and the attach to can benefit from each other. Following factors can be contributed to the opening of the products to Nepal. First, the local government can benefit from the company. Bright Light decides to set up a localise in local place it helps the government solve the problem of employment. More people can be employed as the factory setting up besides, the company can reduce much monetary value by setting up a factory in local place. Second, Bright Light helps cherish the environment to some extent.As its stove is more efficient than traditional one, people will use little firewood. In this case, the forests can be protected and the environmental problem can be solved. Thirdly, family productivity increase 20 percent or more per day. People can have more free duration to do other jobs rather than logging. Fourthly, Bright Lights contributes revenue to the government. The government can gain revenue from the tax. Finally, the stove can produce electric and the generated electric can be widely used in the scale or in the school.The unexampled products bring benefits to the government and the local people and the company gain revenues and profit from selling the products to the local people. The relationship between the company and the customers and government seems very entailmentant. Without permission, the company cannot enter this new market. In regard of the government (Nepal) that will not provide permission to try the new product, the company can consider other ways to enter this market. The Bright Light can follow other companies which have been in Nepal and familiar with the local policy and culture.In this way, the Bright Light can build a partnership with that company besides, the Bright Light also need to know the export or import policy of the Nepal so that it can fits the regulation by doing some changes. These two ways help the company meet the requirement of the government and have the right to enter the new market. Product promotion and advertise recommendations In rural areas, adult literacy rate is low in developing countries. A study shows that broad(prenominal) literacy rate has significant positive effect on foreign direct investment inflow (CHEE-KEONG CHOONG, 2010).People in this area dont know the words. So they dont know the discoloration and the book of instructions of the products. It will lead to the low brand loyalty and cause a series of problems of products re cognition. Some people may dont understand how to use it and some people may dont know how to solve the problems when something wrong with the stove. In other words, it directly affects the marketing strategy plan of the company. Schmitt, Natalie M. points out that the advertisement of the brand or label should be easy to recognize for customers so that it helps build up the brand-loyalty (Schmitt, Natalie M. 007). Following ways with advertisement can solve the problem. Focusing on verbal and audio can be a way of advertisements. In this way, people can better understand how the products functions and gradually set up the brand-loyalty to the products besides, newspapers and videos also an efficient measure to send information to final customers. The usage and instruction of the products can be advertised on the newspaper in the form of pictures so that local people can easily understand. Other forms of advertising may also function well.The Bright Light can record its products o n the local trade fair or other expos. In this way, people can not only know the products, but also can try the new products. Although the goal of the company is to maximize its profits, it should devote itself in the social charity. It is not only a kind of social responsibility, but also is a kind of advertisement. The report of much(prenominal) philanthropy is an efficient way to improve the image of the company and it helps to build up a brand-loyalty to customers. Furthermore, becoming the sponsor of special event is another way to reach out a promotion.Special event always attract large number of audience and media. In this situation, it can be advertised on the display boards. It is a useful way to expanded publicity. Pricing strategy and emulous situation analysis In order to price the product, Bright Light should consider the costs and profits when selling to the customers. As customer feel that the product is worth of the money, then the product or the brand will impres s the customers. The cost of a stove manufactured is $60. The company decides to sell the stove at $80 but worries about the margin profits.If the company set the price at grittyer level, few consumers are willing to buy. Customers may choose substitute instead of the new product (stove). In this way, the Bright Light may lose the market share however, sometimes consumers are willing to afford the high price because of the special features added to the product. Draganska illustrates his point in his study that customer are willing to pay the comparatively high price when the product has special characteristics and satisfy the consumers preference (Draganska, 2006). The new stove has such feature that it can generate electric as well as heat.In consider of the purchasing power of Nepal, the company decides to find a micro financing organization to provide loan for local people who are willing to purchase the stove. It is a way not only help the poor people afford the stove, but als o stimulates the consumption on stoves. Pricing strategy should also put the combative situation into consideration such as the threat a price war, channel dispute, or legal or ethical considerations. If Bright Light set its price for the stove, other competitors may follow tis price and even set the lower price to compete with Bright Light.In this situation, Bright Light may lose its customers. Direct competitors also can imitate the products designed by Bright Light however, if Bright Light has better quality with cheaper price, the product can be agonistical. Because the target market could be low-income family, low price strategy and loan strategy can meet their requirements. Substitute products of the starlight stove from other competitors should also be considered to the pricing strategy. It is a kind of indirect competition. Substitutes can quickly dominate the low income market share however, Starlight stove has its amount competence.The new product (stove) is more effic ient and it needs little firewood, what the most important is that it can generate electric. Core competition plays a significant role in improving the barriers for other competitors and R&D capability is regarded as the most important source for core competence. Due to this reason, it is obvious that the company makes innovation on the new product and the starlight stove is a competitive product. The company needs to pay attention on constantly innovation to make sure the company stays ahead of potential rivals (Yu-fen Chen, 2007).In order to keep its core competence, the company needs to apply for the transparent from the Nepal government so that the company can raise barriers to imitation. In general, by analyzing the strength and weakness of the competitors and counting out the opportunities and threats of its own, the starlight stove can be outstanding with competitive price and accepted by the local people. References Chee-Keong Choong and Siew-Yong Lam. (2010). The Determi nants of Foreign Direct Investment in Malaysia A Revisit. Global Economic Review, 39(2), 175-195. Draganska and Michaela. (2006).Consumer Preferences and Product-Line Pricing Strategies An Empirical Analysis. marketing Science, 25(2), 164-174. Jaime Alonso-Carrera. , Jordi Caballe and Xavier Raurich. (2004). Consumption Externalities, Habit Formation and Equilibrium Efficiency. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 106(2), 231-251. Jianfa Shen. (1998). Chinas Future Population and Development Challenges. The geographical Journal, 164(1), 32-40. Marywood U. , and Weiland, Scott J. (2012). An examination of the relationship among perceived infrastructure, perceived business climate, perceived workforce, and business growth in northeast Pennsylvania.Dissertation Abstracts International Section A Humanities and Social Sciences, 72(7), 2489. Pernille and Seljom. (2011). Modelling the effects of climate change on the energy systemA case study of Norway. Energy Policy, 39(11), 7310-732 1. Schmitt, Natalie M. (2007). Consumers freedom of choiceAdvertising aimed at children, product placement, and food labeling. Journal of Public Health, 15(1), 57-62. Yu-fen Chen. (2007). An empirical analysis of core competence for high-tech firms and traditional manufacturers. Journal of Management Development, 26(2), 159-168.

Seven Deadly Sins

Memoir/ watching Essay The s so far dementedly offenses are ever view in a negative way. well since they are considered sins I guess they will ways be viewed that way. Like Pride is the appetite to be better than every iodin and love only oneself. Wrath is to moderate uncontrollable feeling of hatred and fire. Greed is to film a very excessive or plundering desire and pursuit of wealth, status, and power. Gluttony is excessive desire for intellectual nourishment, or its withholding from the needy. Sloth is the failure to apply your talents and gifts by organism lazy. impulse is excessive thoughts or desires of a sexual nature.Envy is to be jealous of what individual or almostthing you lack. But I intend on that point is something good ab reveal the sins also. passel never think ab bulge how these sins could be contributed into something good. Pride or Vanity is a dangerous to date some seasons helpful thing to arrive at. It can help you sharpen why your the right p erson for a job or why you deserve something more than someone else. But it can also lead to a lot of negative things as well. It can take up you sound too full of yourself or dumbfound you sound cocky leading to raft starting clipping to find you annoying or even making them so jealous of you they start to hate you.So its on you to decide what is more important, either having the people you know and love hate you for what you have or on the another(prenominal) side having them love you for your accomplishments. I feel akin vanity is the sin that could make you or break you depending on how you spin it. Wrath or as its more usu completelyy cognise Anger is a sin that people experience more with other people or things than entirely by themselves. I feel wrath is the most violent of the sins as it is the act of people hating other people and with hate people tend to hurt others either physically or emotionally out of rage or revenge.We have soak upn wrath at its worst when the Twin Towers were crashed into. People led from being depressed to being so mad that our military had a dramatic increase unspoiled because people valued to get back at the third world countries involved. But in turn that anger also led to our country being more patriotic than ever before. We have had more hold up from our civilians because of this Wrathful feeling, So I feel wrath is a important part in frequent lives whether good or naughty. Avarice or Greed is what most people see as the stand of barbarous.It goes back to the story of Eden where Adam and Eve were tempted into eating the apple from the tree. But these days People are greedy for a variety of reasons, the most commonly being money. The second most common reason would tie into people just scatty more than everyone else. But sometimes thats not endlessly a bad thing. I have seen people use greed to a good advantage. A prime example would be how greed led the economy to be great before this war. We wanted more so we spent more which led to people having more jobs and more work time to make the things we wanted to buy.So yes I think greed can be a evil thing but also as a great thing. Gluttony is a tricky sin to say the least. Most commonly seen as the act of eating too very much, it is actually just when you oer indulge in anything. You could over indulge in time spent on something specific like how much time you spent trying to beat a certain game or time spent arguing over a certain superlative. But when related to food you can see Gluttony when people eat too much food or when people add things to their food just to have a more satisfying taste instead of just eating to meet life.I personally see gluttony as a growing satisfaction in peoples lives all around me. People love to eat, and again it cant be all that bad because it does still help out economy if we keep buying more and more food even if we dont need it. Sloth or better known as laziness is a sin everyone goes throug h at some point in everyday we live. Whether its not wanting to get up and do what we have to do or wasting time not pursuing things that we have the skills to do just because we dont want to use them. in person I see sloth as the window to a wasted life.We all have things we deficiency we could do but are to slothful to start. I used to play a lot of instruments as a kid and now a days I dont play but i oddity if I did what could of happened. But again sloth, like every other sin is not forever and a day bad. by chance your slothful while trying to think of details for something like a wedding or even a paper your writing. You waste all this time just thinking instead of rushing through it that it may actually turn out to be a very good piece of writing. some things in life just take a little waste of time to make surely everythings right.Lust is a very satisfying yet depressing sin to think about. It is the act of wanting someone or something so bad you do anything you can to get it. I have seen famish used all over this world and it can sometimes be a very shuddery thing. It can lead to false love or rape and it can also lead to dictatorships. Lust is something people all feel but have to train to control as well. The story of horse parsley The Great is a perfect example. He lusted for control and territory and through this lust he became one of the greatest kings back in the old days.Now I feel lust could be a good thing as well but only if used right. perhaps your lust for someone can lead you to find out that you actually can fall in love with that person. You just have to reckon to control your feelings and your cravings to allow yourself to do so. Envy is the sin that can trick your learning ability so well that you cant tell right from wrong. I have seen people being so wishful of another it utterly destroys them emotionally and sometimes even physically. To be jealous of what other people have and look like is something that goes through e very persons mind.You may ask yourself Why are they so much better looking than me? or even Why cant I have that? . In my life I have felt this way just as much as everyone else but it lead me to learn that life isnt about what you do or dont have, but rather what you earn or what you do with what you have instead. The only way you can truly live happy is to realize your not like everyone else. Your you and there is nothing wrong with that fact. Now Envy can be a good thing to though. Maybe your not doing anything with your life.Maybe your not going to school or dont have a job yet you see everyone else doing it so you get so jealous you decide to do it yourself. Thats not a bad thing at all. So I have learned dont be envious, but just learn and do what needs to be done to make your life the way you want it to be. The seven deadly sins could have two observations about them good and bad. So I think people shouldnt always go by the negative views about something. Instead of seeing t he glass half(a) empty, they should see it half full. But yet again it is the seven deadly sins so no matter what they are always going to be view in a bad way.